Caco-2 cells and their derivatives, which were cultured on the cell culture inserts, were rinsed with HBSS. The 1.5 mL of HBSS containing 100 μM Lucifer Yellow CH Dipotassium Salt (FUJIFILM Wako) was added to the apical chamber, and 3.0 mL of HBSS was also added to the basolateral chamber. After 90 min incubation at 37 °C, the solution was collected from the basolateral chamber. The Lucifer Yellow fluorescent signal was measured with a fluorescence plate reader (TriStar LB 941, Berthold Technologies) using 428 nm excitation and 535 nm emission filters. Lucifer Yellow concentrations were calculated using the standard curve generated by serial dilution of Lucifer Yellow.
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