Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) and the human embryonic kidney cell line HEK293 (kindly provided by Dr. Yong Xia) were cultured with DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and incubated in an incubator with 5% CO2 and 95% O2. BAECs from passages 6 to 10 and with 80% to 90% purity were used for experiments. Cells were randomly assigned various treatments, including hypertonic stress (130 mM, 150 mM, 170 mM, and 190 mM NaCl for 24 h), heat stress (40 °C for 2 h), oxidative stress (200 mM hydrogen peroxide for 24 h or 200 mM ethanol for 24 h), hypoxia (1% O2 for 12 h) and acidosis (pH 7, pH 6.5 for 6 h). The control group was cultured with conventional medium for the same time.
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