2.4.1. Psychological Well-Being (Well-Being Manifestation Measure Scale)

To measure the psychological well-being of adolescents, Park and Choi [61] translated and calibrated into Korean the Well-Being Manifestation Measure Scale developed by Masse et al. [62]. The subfactor of this scale is the five-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree), consisting of a total of six subfactors and 25 questions measuring self-esteem, mental balance, sociability, social involvement, control of self and events, and happiness. The higher the score of each question, the higher the level of psychological well-being of adolescents. The Cronbach’s α of the original measurement was 0.92.