The experimental protocol for the marble burying test was based on that used previously24. The apparatus used in this experiment consisted of a polypropylene cage (40 × 28 × 20 cm) with the floor filled ~5 cm deep with bedding, lightly tamped down to make a flat, even surface. A regular pattern of 20 1.5 cm diameter translucent light-blue glass marbles was placed on the surface, evenly spaced. Each animal was placed individually in the center of the cage and left for 15 min. At the end of the test, the rat was removed, and the number of marbles buried with bedding (to at least two-thirds their depth) during this interval was counted by three raters, who were blind to the treatment group assignment.
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