The Niigata PPPD Questionnaire (NPQ)

The NPQ (Table 2) evaluates the degree of symptom exacerbation by three characteristic factors based on the diagnostic criteria, namely: upright posture/walking, motion, and visual stimulation (8). Each factor is assessed by four questions, with a total of 12 questions in the questionnaire. Q3, 6, 7, and 11 pertain to the upright posture (standing or walking); Q1, 5, 9, and 12 pertain to active or passive motion; and Q2, 4, 8, and 10 pertain to visual stimulation. Each question is scored from 0 (no symptom) to 6 (unbearable); therefore, the maximum score for each factor is 24, and the maximum score for all three factors together is 72. It was demonstrated that a visual stimulation score of 9 has the best sensitivity (82%) and specificity (74%) for discriminating PPPD from control vestibular diseases (8).

Niigata Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness Questionnaire (8). Instructions: The purpose of this questionnaire is to identify difficulties in daily life that you may be experiencing due to dizziness. Please indicate your answer by circling the number that best describes the extent to which you have been affected during the past week. When you avoid performing these actions, you should circle the number 6.

The NPQ is specifically designed to assess the symptoms of PPPD. Therefore, a separate questionnaire is needed to assess the impact of dizziness on daily life and psychiatric symptoms that may exacerbate dizziness, such as depression and anxiety. To evaluate these symptoms, we included the following two questionnaires in this study.