Baseline Data Collection

Diabetes duration was calculated as the difference between self-reported age of diabetes diagnosis and age at baseline examination. Anthropometric variables (height, weight, waist, and hip circumference) were measured while each subject was in the standing position. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg)/height² (m), and waist and hip measurements were conducted to determine waist-to-hip ratio. Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure values were measured (to the nearest mm Hg), while each subject was in a sitting position. Serum biochemical variables (SUA, total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin) were measured using a conventional automated blood analyzer. The eGFR was calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation.¹⁴ Hyperuricemia was defined as SUA levels of ≥420 µmol/L for males and ≥360 µmol/L for females. Chronic kidney disease was defined as an eGFR of <60 ml/min/1.73 m². Hypertension was defined as a systolic blood pressure of >140 mm Hg, a diastolic blood pressure of >90 mm Hg, or having a self-reported diagnosis of or treatment for hypertension. A single 24-hour urine sample was collected during the period of hospitalization, and urinary UA excretion (UUAE) was determined by enzymatic methods using a single 24-hour urine collection.