2.3.6. Atomic force microscopy (AFM)

Atomic Force Microscopy images were captured by using a Nanowizard III scanning probe microscope (JPK instruments, AG Germany) equipped with a 12 μm scanner. Nanoalgosomes were initially concentrated by ultracentrifugation and resuspended in MilliQ water to a final concentration of 5 × 10¹¹ particles/ml, as previously estimated by NTA.

For measurements on dry samples, a 30 μl drop of the samples was directly deposited on freshly cleaved mica, incubated for 10 min, and then gently dried under nitrogen flow. Measurements were performed in tapping mode by using a NSC‐15 (Mikromasch) cantilever (spring constant 40 N/m, typical tip radius 8 nm). Measurements with softer cantilevers (data not shown) were carried out with MSNL‐10 cantilevers (Bruker; lever D, spring constant 0.03 N/m, nominal tip radius 2 nm).