Eligibility Criteria

To be included in our analysis, the reviewed manuscript must provide novel data surrounding the cost-effectiveness of SCSdi in FBSS patients; the manuscript’s abstract or title had to contain language suggestive of (1): implantation of SCS devices in FBSS patients, (2): either direct or indirect costs of the patients studied, and (3): a cohort of patients who received CMM and/or re-operation. We also reviewed and included any proposed trials that would meet these criteria when published. We excluded any publications that were replies or comments to other manuscripts. Manuscripts that did not provide novel data surrounding our aims, but discussed previously published data in reviews was included in qualitative analyses but not in our quantitative analyses.