2.2.7. The childhood trauma questionnaire-short form (CTQ-SF)

The CTQ-SF is a 28-item self-reported questionnaire that assesses childhood traumatic experiences before age 18 years (Bernstein et al., 2003). This questionnaire includes 25 items used to evaluate five types of abuse: physical abuse (e.g. ‘punished with hard objects’), emotional abuse (e.g. ‘felt hated by family’), sexual abuse (e.g. ‘made to do sexual things’), physical neglect (e.g. ‘not enough to eat’), emotional neglect (e.g. ‘felt loved’); and 3 validity items used for effectiveness evaluation. Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert Scale: 1 = never; 2 = occasionally; 3 = sometimes; 4 = often; 5 = always. Scores can be ranged from 25 to 125. CTQ-SF has been proven to have good reliability and validity in clinical and community samples and has been revised and used all over the world. The Cronbach’s α was 0.86 with the current sample.