Freshly isolated splenic MDSCs or bone marrow progenitors were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS, 10 ng ml−1 granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (R&D Systems), 10 ng ml−1 interleukin-4 (R&D Systems), and 50 µM 2-mercaptoethanol (Sigma-Aldrich), alone or in the presence of 100 µM 5′-AMP (Sigma-Aldrich), 100 µM APCP (Tocris Bioscience), 100 µM adenosine (Sigma-Aldrich), 100 µM NECA (Tocris Bioscience), or HCC cell CM.
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