Maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) peak torque

The MVIC measurements were performed with an isokinetic dynamometer (Con Trex MJ, CMV AG, Dübendorf, Switzerland). The participant was seated on the dynamometer, with the hip and knee angle of the right leg (test leg) being 110° (180° = full hip and knee extension) (Jakobsen et al. 2012; Kaya et al. 2019). A custom-made laser device was used to align the center of rotation of the dynamometer with the knee joint axis in a relaxed state right at 110° knee angle. To ensure the same sitting position during all assessments on the dynamometer, we recorded the exact position of the participant during the first MVICs, and we placed the participant in the same position in the following measurements. The trunk and test leg were fixed with straps to minimize the possibility of evasive movement. The lever arm fixation was set about 2 cm above the medial malleolus (Morales-Artacho et al. 2017). Each participant was asked to cross their arms in front of their chest and to perform three MVICs for 5 s each. The participant was asked to push as hard as possible, and received strong verbal encouragement during the measurements. Maximum torque value was communicated after each attempt and participants were motivated to try to exceed the previous result. Between the three MVICs, the participant rested for 1 min. The attempt with the highest torque value was considered for further analysis.