2.1. Ethical Approval and Sample Collection

A total of 5026 blood samples were anonymously collected from blood donors over a period of 3 years (2014–2016), along with all necessary demographic information including age, nationality, and gender. Blood samples used in this study were previously used in other research studies [39,40,41,42,43]. Sample collection was approved by the Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) Institutional Review Board (HMC-IRB-14292/14) and Qatar University Institutional Review Board (IRB) (QU-IRB 867-E/18). The demographic characteristics of the donors are summarized in Table 1 and Table 2.

Interpretation of human parvovirus (B19V) serological patterns in immunocompetent individuals.

Demographic characteristics of the study sample (n = 5026).

* “Other” included Kuwait, United Arab Emirates (UAE), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Oman, Bahrain, Iraq, Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, Turkey, Bosnia, Cyprus, Greece, Russia, Malaysia, Bangladesh, Nepal, Burma, Singapore, USA, Canada, Spain, Bulgaria, Ireland, UK, Kenya, Somalia, France, Italy, Romania, Germany, Colombia, Brazil, New Zealand, Hungary, the Netherlands, Croatia, Ecuador, Serbia, Macedonia, Sweden, Australia, South Africa, Eritrea, Burkina Faso, Djibouti, Chad, Tanzania, and Ethiopia.