The outcome variable was the death of under-five children, which is a dichotomous variable coded as “0” if the child is alive and “1” if the child is died.
The independent variables were: proximal factors (sex of a child and multiple births), intermediate factors (mother’s level of education, birth order, preceding birth interval, parity, ANC visit, respondent current age, and place of delivery), and distant factors (household wealth index, source of drinking water, sex of household head, place of residency, and presence of toilet facility) (Table ).
Description and measurement of independent variables
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