Materials

Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were purchased from Charles River Laboratory (Wilmington, MA). The following antibodies were used for immunostaining, immunofluorescence staining, Western blot analysis and FACS analysis: rabbit anti-GSDMD and mouse anti-AIF-1 from Novusbio (Littleton, CO); rabbit anti-pro-SPC and mouse anti-CD63 from EDMillipore (Temecula, CA); mouse anti-CD9 antibody from ThermoFisher (Waltham, MA); rabbit anti-Ki67 from Abcam (Cambridge, MA); mouse anti-vonWillebrand factor (vWF) from Dako (Carpinteria, CA); rabbit anti-SPC-PE from Biossusa (Woburn, MA). Total Exosome Isolation Kit was obtained from ThermoFisher. Exo-FLOW Exosome Purification Kit and ExoGlow-Vivo EV Labeling Kit were obtained from Systems Biosciences (Palo Alto, CA). The lipophilic fluorescent dye, 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarocyanine perchlorate (DiI) was purchased from Sigma (Louis, MO). MLE-12 cells were obtained from ATCC (Manassas, VA), pulmonary vascular endothelial cells (PVEC) were obtained from Lonza (Walkersville, MD), and rat fetal neural stem cells (NSC) were obtained from ThermoFisher. The primers for all the qRT-PCR were obtained from ThermoFisher.