After osteogenic induction for 21 days, MC3T3-E1 cells, rBMSCs, and PDLPs treated with citrate-stabilized AuNRs of various aspect-ratio were treated with 5% alizarin red S (ARS; Sigma) staining solution for 5 min. Subsequently, the cells were washed and examined, and images captured by an inverted optical microscope (Olympus IMT-2, Tokyo, Japan), and the formation of mineralized matrix nodules was quantified by measuring the absorbance at 562 nm after incubation with 10% (w/v) cetylpyridinium chloride (Sigma-Aldrich) for 2 h.
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