Instruments and reagents

A mechanical shaker was purchased from Shanghai Shiping Experimental Equipment Co., Ltd. (SPH-21B, Shanghai, China). A ten-thousandth electronic balance was provided by Ohaus International Trading (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. (AR2140, Shanghai, China). A microplate reader was purchased from ThermoFisher Scientific Inc. (MK3, Waltham, MA). HPLC-MS/MS was performed on a 1290 Infinity ultra-high-performance liquid chromatograph (UHPLC) system (Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) coupled to a 6460 triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (QQQ) equipped with a Jet Stream ion source (Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA). The UPT-based biosensor was obtained from Beijing Hotgen Biotech Co., Ltd. (UPT-3A, Beijing, China).

ELISA kits for AFB₁, ZEN and DON quantification were provided by Romer Labs (MO, USA). UCP immunoassay kits for AFB₁, ZEN and DON quantification were provided by Beijing Hotgen Biotech Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Standard solutions of AFB₁, ZEN and DON were purchased from Pribolab Biological Technical Company (Qingdao, China). Water was purified using a Milli-Q system (Millipore Corporation, Bedford, MA). All other chemicals and solvents were of HPLC grade.