2.5. Scratch assay

Each group of cells were seeded in a 6‐well plate as 2.5 × 10⁴/cm². After cells were cultured for 24 hours, a scratch was made through the centre of each well using the 100 µL sterile pipette tip. The scratch was observed and imaged at the start and 24 hours following the scratch using a microscope. Image J software (1.48; National Institutes of Health) was used to measure the migrated distance. Cell migration capacity was evaluated by comparing scratch width. Rate of wound healing = (0‐width – 24‐width)/0‐width × 100%. Each group was set up with independent triplicates.