The QUADAS-2 scale, a quality assessment tool for diagnostic tests, was chosen to assess the risk of bias (14). The scale comprises 2 parts: assessment of risk of bias and applicability. The risk-of-bias assessment is composed of 4 aspects: case selection, tests to be evaluated, the golden criterion as well as case flow and progress. The applicability assessment covers 3 aspects: case selection, tests to be evaluated, and the golden criterion. In each aspect, the risk of bias was classified as “high”, “low”, or “unclear”.
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