Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria

Fifteen healthy triathletes (9 males and 6 females) were enrolled in this study (Table 1):

Participant characteristics ^a.

^a Values are presented as the mean ± SD.

Participants were included if they reported having run a minimum of 2 days per week in the 3 months prior with no reported injuries and with their worst pain rated a minimum of 3 out 10 on a numerical rating scale (NRS) for pain (0 = no pain; 10 = worst possible pain) [17]. Participants were excluded if they reported any previous musculoskeletal surgery, neurological impairment, knee structural deformities, pain caused by trauma or sports activities, having stopped running, or having received additional treatment outside of this study.