TUNEL staining, flow cytometry, and caspase 3/7 activation assays were used to measure cellular apoptosis. For TUNEL staining, the DeadEnd™ Fluorometric TUNEL System (Promega, CA, USA) was used on the basis of the manufacturer's instructions. The Caspase-Glo® 3/7 Assay Kit (Promega) was used to assess caspase 3/7 activation. Human NP cell apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometric analysis (Gallios, Beckman Coulter) of TUNEL/DAPI dual-staining (Invitrogen, CA, USA) based on the manufacturer's instructions.
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