All urine samples were tested for S. mansoni CCA using a commercially available point-of-care (POC-CCA) cassette test (batch numbers 191031120, ICT INTERNATIONAL, Noordhoek, South Africa) performed at room temperature according to the manufacturer’s instructions on the day of the sample collection. Briefly, 2 drops of urine were added to the well of the testing cassette and allowed to absorb. The test results were read visually 20 min later. In cases when the control bands did not develop, the test was considered invalid. Invalid tests were repeated using the same urine sample. Valid tests were scored as negative or positive. Trace (weak band) was also considered positive [30]. All the tests were read independently by two laboratory technicians, and in case of discordant results, the senior parasitologist examined it until an agreement was reached.
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