Total RNA was extracted from cells using TRIzol reagent (Takara; Kyoto, Japan) according to the directions of the manufacturer. Single-strand cDNA was generated from total RNA using reverse transcriptase (Toyobo; Osaka, Japan). Real-time quantitative PCR analysis, using SYBR Green Master Rox (Roche), was performed as we previously described. The sequences for primers are shown in Supplementary Table 2. Data were normalized by the level of β-actin expression in each sample.
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