This 24-item self-report inventory was derived from the Personality Assessment Inventory, guided by theoretical, diagnostic conceptualizations, empirical re- search, and evaluation of psychometric properties [52]. Four subscales measure the BPD features of Affective Instability, Identity Disturbance, Negative Relationships, and impulsive Self-Harm, with six items per subscale. Statements are rated on a four- point Likert scale from (0) false to (3) very true. In the current study, the score on the total scale was used as it represents the overall levels of BPD features. A raw score of 38 or higher on this total scale acts as a cut-off for BPD features that fall into the range of clinical significance. In previous research, internal consistencies ranged from .77 to .84 [53]. Internal consistency of the total scale in the present study was α = .71.
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