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Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD)
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Symptoms of depression were assessed with the observation-based CSDD, in the form of an interview with the caregiver. The CSDD consists of 19 items and each one is scored on a 3-point scale ranging from 0 to 2 [34]. Items are clustered into five categories: mood, behavioral disturbance, physical signs, cyclic functions, and ideational disturbance. The CSDD has adequate internal consistency and reliability in an older, frail nursing home population with MNCD. Cronbach’s alpha is 0.81 and the kappa values of two studies included are 0.57 and 0.91 [66].
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