DF-1 cells (chicken fibroblast cell line; ATCCCRL-12203, Manassas, VA) were cultured with 10% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotics (Gibco Antibiotic-Antimycotic 100X, Thermo Fisher scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts) in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium 1X (Gibco, Thermo Fisher scientific, Waltham, Massachusetts, US) at 39°C and 5% CO2. DF-1 cells from passage 6 were used throughout the entire experiment.
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