2.5.1. Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II)

Health-promoting lifestyle behaviors were measured using the Health-Promoting

Lifestyle Profile II questionnaire (HPLP-II). The HPLP was first developed by Walker et al. [22]; the HPLP II questionnaire is the revised version. This questionnaire includes six subscales (health responsibility, physical activity, nutrition, spiritual growth, interpersonal relationships, and stress management) and 52 items rated on a four-point Likert scale (ranging 1–4). The total score is the mean of responses for each subscale and for all items. Higher scores indicate better health-promoting lifestyle behavior. The Korean version of the HPLP-II has well-established validity and reliability [23]. In this study, the Cronbach’s alpha for HPLP-II was 0.92, and Cronbach’s alphas of the subscales were 0.80 for health responsibility, 0.80 for physical activity, 0.74 for nutrition, 0.90 for spiritual growth, 0.84 for interpersonal relationships, and 0.74 for stress management.