Ecological impacts of climate change (EICC) and non-EICC environmental health problems (EP)

Emerging research finds that areas with more South-North immigrants are at higher flood risk and less flood defense, response, and aid, and slower recovery (Florida [77], Texas [78]). In contrast, high-status coastal areas attract the affluent, where the costs of risk mitigation are partly carried by the broader public [79]. Residential segregation, affordability, and real estate industry practices contribute to these patterns [78]. Other recent studies find areas with more South-North immigrants face more EP harmful for health, controlling for factors like income, production, and population. Studies usually ascribe this pattern to anti-immigrant bias in EP regulation, and immigrant weakness in not-in-my-backyard lobbying, and inability to find cleaner jobs and afford cleaner areas. Examples include exposure to pesticides [80], waste burners [81], industrial/auto emissions [82], fine-particle air pollution [83], and industrial toxins [84]. In China, rural-urban immigrants are more exposed than city natives to landfills, noise, emissions [85], and ground-ozone [86], and in Mexico to pesticides [87].