Samples containing bacterial cells in PBS were incubated with conjugates at 30 °C (R. solanacearum) or 37 °C (rest) at concentration of 1 mg/ml. Controls containing bacterial cells in PBS were incubated without conjugates at the same temperature. Subsequently, all samples were centrifuged at 7,300× g for 1 min, and washed with PBS twice followed by centrifugation. A drop containing the bacteria was absorbed onto a copper grid and negatively stained with phosphotungstic acid for 30 s. The grids were examined using a JEM-100CX-II electron microscope (JEOL Ltd., Japan)17.
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