Wound Scratch Assay and Transwell Migration Assay

For wound scratch assays, CESCs treated with different concentrations of exosomes were seeded onto 6-well plates. After the cells reached 80–90% confluence, a pipette tip was used to inflict a wound. The cells were then washed with PBS to remove debris and floating cells. The wound areas were photographed at 0 and 48 h after scratching using a microscope. For transwell migration assays, transwell chambers were placed in 24-well plates, and treated cell suspensions were then seeded onto the interior chambers. The chambers were removed 24 h after seeding, and cells that had migrated through the membranes were enumerated using a microscope.