Intracellular Ca2+ measurements were performed using Fura-2 AM (Abcam, Cambridge, UK) as described previously with minor modifications [21]. After specific treatments, 5 × 104 cells were suspended in HBSS buffer containing 4 μM Fura-2 AM and loaded onto a 96-well black plate for 1 h at 37 °C. Following an internal Ca2+ depletion by 2 μM thapsigargin for 10 min, 2 μM extracellular Ca2+ was added and Fura-2 AM signals were measured using a fluorescence microplate reader (Synergy H1, BioTek, Winooski, VT, USA) at 340/510 or 380/510 nm.
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