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AM Abdullahi Muhammad
SI Sulaiman S. Ibrahim
MM Muhammad M. Mukhtar
HI Helen Irving
MA Maduamaka C. Abajue
NE Noutcha M. A. Edith
SD Sabitu S. Da’u
MP Mark J. I. Paine
CW Charles S. Wondji
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Results of bioassays are presented as percentage mortalities for respective insecticides as bars with standard deviations. Two-tailed Chi-square test was conducted to compare result of synergist assays with conventional one, using GraphPad Prism (GraphPad Inc., La Jolla, CA, USA). Two-tailed t-test was also conducted to compare the expression levels between the exposed and unexposed individuals. The frequencies of kdr mutations were respectively calculated using the formulae F(R) = (2 x RR + RS)/2N, F(S) = 1-F(R), where RR = Total number of homozygote resistant, RS = Total number of heterozygote resistant, S = susceptible individuals and N = total number of individuals.

Copyright and License information:  ©2021 Muhammad et al
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