The 14-item Chinese version of the Berg Balance Scale (BBS-C) is a widely used balance assessment tool in China [22]. Each item is scored from 0 to 4, with a total score range from 0 to 56. A higher score indicates better balance control [23]. The reliability and validity of the BBS-C has been established in stroke survivors, with intra and inter-rater intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) of 0.97 – 0.99 and 0.99, respectively [24].
Participants’ demographic and clinical data, including gender, age, education, occupation, activities of daily living (ADL) measured by the Modified Barthel Index (MBI) (range 0–100) [25], stroke type, duration of stroke, involved side, and severity of stroke graded by NIHSS (range 0–42), were recorded. NIHSS scores of 0–6 indicate mild stroke, 7–16 moderate stroke, and > 16 severe stroke [21].
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