Brains were dissected using established landmarks. For Dp16 and age-matched 2N mice, the forebrain was isolated by first removing the olfactory bulbs; cerebellum and brain stem were then removed via a cut anterior to the cerebellum and extending through the posterior midbrain. Dissected forebrain was then immediately frozen in dry ice. The whole brains of J20 and APP knockout mice and age-matched wild-type mice, minus olfactory bulbs, were also dissected and frozen in dry ice. The brain, kidney, and liver were dissected from 2N adult mice to evaluate antibody specificity. Brain tissues were homogenized via a Dounce homogenizer in RIPA buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP-40, 0.5% sodium deoxycholate, 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, and protease inhibitor cocktail) (1 ml for each hemibrain) and rotated at 4 °C for 30 min. All lysates were centrifuged (12,000 rpm for 15 min at 4 °C) to produce supernatants, and the protein content of supernatants was measured by Bradford assay.
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