2.11. Statistical Analysis

All results were expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean (S.E.M.) and were statistically analyzed using Student's t-test or one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni's posttest, as needed. The difference between the means were considered significant when p < 0.05. All data were analyzed using the GraphPad Prism^® software, version 7 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). The inhibitory effect of each extract dose was calculated as the difference, in percentage of the mean ± S.E.M. values of each group out of the mean ± S.E.M. value of the negative control group. The maximum inhibitory effect of the extract (E_max) was used as an efficacy parameter. The dose of a drug or extract that produces 50% of its own maximal response (ED₅₀) was calculated by nonlinear regression analyses and was used as a potency parameter.