Biological Materials and Reagents

Ginger powder was purchased from Fujian Longzhi Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Fujian, China), and DSS salt (reagent grade) was purchased from MP Biomedicals (Santa Ana, CA, USA). Chloroform was purchased from Sinopharm Chemical Reagent (Co., Ltd.) (Shanghai, China). Sulfasalazine (SASP) was purchased from Dalian Meilun Biotechnology Co., Ltd (Dalian, China). RNAiso Plus, TB Green® Premix Ex Taq™ II, and PrimeScript™ RT Master Mix were purchased from Takara Biomedical Technology Co. (Beijing, China). QIAamp 96 PowerFecal QIAcube HT kit was purchased from Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc (Waltham MA, USA). All other chemicals and reagents used in this study were of analytical grade.