Keywords were defined around 4 criteria (mobile applications, use disorder, effectiveness, excluding web-based interventions) and linked by Boolean operators to generate the following MESH equation: ((smartphone app*OR mobile app*)) AND ((substance use disorder OR addict* OR addictive behavior OR cessation OR recovery OR craving OR alcohol OR smok* OR tobacco OR cannabis OR marijuana OR heroin OR cocaine OR opioid OR gambl* OR binge eating OR porn)) AND ((efficacy OR effectiveness OR impact OR validity)) NOT ((web-based intervention OR Internet)).
Literature searches were performed using MEDLINE, Cochrane central register of controlled trial (CENTRAL) and PsycINFO, up to 1st July 2019 (Table 1).
MESH terms used for database searching.
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