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Maximal quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) (Fv/Fm) was measured on the 3rd leaf from the top using a chlorophyll fluorometer (JUNIOR-PAM, Heinz Walz, Germany). Minimal fluorescence (Fo) and maximum fluorescence (Fm) were obtained by dark adapting the leaf samples for at least 30 min prior to determination. Weak measuring pulses (0.1 µmol m−2 s−1) and saturating pulse (>6000 µmol m−2 s−1) were used to measure Fo and Fm, respectively. The variable fluorescence (Fv) was calculated as the difference between Fo and Fm. The maximal quantum efficiency of PSII was calculated as a ratio of Fv to Fm.

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