Human peripheral blood samples were obtained from five different healthy volunteers (BWH Specimen Bank). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by density gradient centrifugation using Lymphoprep (StemCell Technologies). PBMCs were cultured at 1.5 × 106 cells per mL in RPMI 1640 media (Lonza), supplemented with 10% human serum (GemCell) (10% HS-RPMI), recombinant human IL-2 10 ng per mL (or 100 U per ml, BioLegend) and R848 1 µg per mL (Cayman Chemicals) for 5 days, at 37 °C, 5% CO2. in DMSO, or DMSO only for control, was added to the culture media on day 5, and cells were incubated for additional 12, 24, and 48 h. Cells were then stained with surface marker antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. The viability and apoptosis were assessed using Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit (BD Biosciences). PKS21221
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