Cell proliferation assay

Cells were plated in 96‐well plates at a density of 2 × 10³ cells/well and incubated for 24 h. Cell proliferation was evaluated with a WST‐1 assay (TaKaRa Bio) after 72 h of treatment. The absorption of WST‐1 was measured at a wavelength of 450 nm with a reference wavelength of 690 nm in a microplate reader. Cell viability was calculated as the ratio of the absorbance value of the treated cells to that of the control cells and expressed as a percentage. Experiments were performed independently in triplicate.