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Another quality index, this time focused on spectral information, is the Spectral Angle Mapper SAM [44]. SAM measures the spectral distortion with the angle formed by two vectors of the spectrum of both images.
The equation determines the similarity between two spectra by calculating the angle between them and treating them as vectors in a space with a dimensionality equal to the number of bands [45]. The optimal value of SAM is zero. Here we express SAM as the average of all pixels in the image, in radians.
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