3.6. Statistical Analysis

Data were expressed as the average and standard deviation of measurements performed for the different wines and treatments. The influence of treatments was analyzed by a non-parametric procedure by aligned ranks transformation ANOVA to determine whether there was an overall significant difference in group means. Post hoc pairwise comparisons of levels within single factors were conducted among all levels within each factor. All statistical analyses were implemented in R environment [26], using ARTool R package [27,28]. The package factoextra was used for the principal component analysis (PCA). Graph and plot reports were created with the ggplot2 package [29].