2.5. Data Analysis

Binary data were analyzed using Chi-square test with one degree of freedom, while relative proportions of NC females among no-choice experiments were analyzed using Chi-square test for contingency table (3 × 2). Residence times were tested for ANOVA assumptions, normality (Shapiro–Wilk test) and homoscedasticity (Levene’s test); since these assumptions were not met also after data transformation, the data from no-choice trials were compared using the non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis H test followed by Dunn’s post hoc test for multiple comparison, while residence times from each comparison in choice bioassays were analyzed using Mann–Whitney U test.

Relative peak areas from every VOC identified in undamaged and infested wheat kernels were Log-transformed, tested for normality (Shapiro–Wilk test) and homoscedasticity (Levene’s test) and analyzed with one-way ANOVA using “infestation” as fixed factor.