The ACES-R assesses early life experiences such as physical abuse, neglect, and sexual abuse [46, 47]. We used a version of the ACES developed by Finkelhor and colleagues [29] that included additional widely recognized childhood adversities: peer victimization, peer isolation/rejection, and community violence exposure (e.g., Did you live for two or more years in a neighborhood that was dangerous, or where you saw people being assaulted?). The ACES-R scale has 14 items that are answered on a yes/no scale; item scores are summed (range 0–14). Because the ACES-R was added to the battery after the study had begun, data are missing for 168 participants.
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