4.3.2. Crystal Violet (CV) Assay

For the CV assay, cells were seeded and treated as above and stained with 1% crystal violet (Sigma-Aldrich) for 30 min at 37 °C. Microplates were washed by submersion in flowing tap water for 15 min, allowed to air dry overnight and incubated with 10% acetic acid for 15 min at room temperature with gentle shaking to dissolve the dye. Then, the absorbance at 595 nm was measured using an Ultra Microplate reader (Bio-Tek Instruments Inc.).