2.2.1. CAVIDACE Scale

The scale Calidad de Vida en Daño Cerebral (CAVIDACE; “quality of life in brain injury” in English) has been specifically designed to measure the QoL of adults with ABIs using proxy responses [43]. We used the self-reported version: an adaptation of the original scale completed by individuals with ABIs. This version consisted of 40 items, which assessed the eight domains that are subsumed by Schalock and Verdugo’s model: emotional well-being, interpersonal relationships, material well-being, personal development, physical well-being, self-determination, social inclusion, and rights. The responses were recorded on a four-point rating scale: 0 = never, 1 = sometimes, 2 = frequently, and 3 = always. The instrument includes negatively worded items, which were reversed prior to adding the scores of the items per each domain. These direct scores are transformed into standard scores for each domain (M = 10, SD = 3) and percentiles. Moreover, the scale provides an over-all raw QoL score (i.e., the sum of the direct scores obtained in each of the domains) that may vary from 0 to 120, where higher scores indicate higher QoL. This overall score can be converted into an easily interpretable QoL Global Index (M = 100; SD = 15). Its psychometric properties were good and comparable to those of the original scale: QoL is composed of eight first-order intercorrelated domains (CFI = 0.891, RMSEA = 0.050, TLI = 0.881), and the internal consistency was adequate in seven of the eight domains (ω = 0.66–0.87) [40].