ZetaView nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA)

NTA was performed using ZetaView® Z-NTA (Particle Metrix) with its corresponding software (ZetaView 8.04.02). Calibration was done using 100 nm polystyrene nanostandard particles (Applied Microspheres) prior to sample readings at a sensitivity of 65 and a minimum brightness of 20. Automated quality control measurements including cell quality check and instrument alignment were performed prior to sample measurements. Instrument parameters were set as previously described [35, 42, 66] for each reading. For each sample, 1 mL of sample diluted in PBS was loaded into the cell. The size and concentration of particles were measured at 11 unique positions throughout the cell in three independent reads. After automated analysis and removal of any outliers, the mode diameter size and the concentration of the sample were calculated by the machine software. Data for NTA analysis was compiled with the corresponding manufacturer software, ZetaView 8.04.02, and plotted using Microsoft Excel 2019. The mode, defined as the size of the most abundant particles, was used as the measurement for size in our analysis.