Cells were collected and resuspended in FBS-free DMEM. Twenty thousand cells were placed on 8-μm pore transwell filters (Corning, USA). For invasion assays, filters were coated with Matrigel (BD, UAS) in advance and for migration assays, this step was omitted. DMEM with 10% FBS was added to the bottom chamber as an attractant. Following incubation for 24–36 h, nonmigrated cells at the top of the filter were removed and cells at the bottom of the filters were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with crystal violet. The total number of invaded cells in each chamber were quantified by counting at least four randomly chosen fields under ×20 magnification using a bright field microscope (IX71; Olympus).
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