Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (male, 3 weeks old) and nude mice (female, 10 days old) were provided by the Laboratory Animal Centre of Southwest Medical University (license number: SCXK (CHUAN) 2013–17). The institutional ethical committee of the affiliated hospital of Southwest Medical University approved all experimental animal studies. The tumor burden did not exceed the recommended dimensions according to the University of Pennsylvania IACUC guidelines, and the animals were anesthetized and sacrificed using acceptable methods.
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