Transwell Migration Assay

Transwell chambers (24-well) (8-µm pore size, Jet Bio-Filtration Co., Ltd, Guangzhou, China) were used in the migration assays. After being culture for 24 h at 37°C, the cells (5 × 10⁴) were suspended in serum-free medium and added to the upper chamber and 10% FBS-medium was added in the lower chamber. After incubation for 24 h, the cells without migration in the upper chamber were carefully removed, and the migratory cells on the lower surface of the membrane were fixed and stained with crystal violet (C₂₅H₃₀ClN₃). The number of migration cells was counted under a light microscope.