2.2.1. Hydrodistillation

Essential oils were obtained from the powdered rhizome by hydrodistillation method using a Clevenger-type apparatus following the procedure described in Singh et al. (2011). Fifty-gram dried turmeric powder was put in a 1000 mL flask, and 500 mL of distilled water along with few glass beads were added. The flask was then filled with an essential oil extraction apparatus fitted with lighter than water type extractor (Clevenger's Apparatus). The distillation was conducted in a thermostatically controlled heater for two hours at 70 °C. The volume of oil in the graduated tube of volatile oil determination tube was recorded, and the percentage of volatile oil in (v/m) air-dried material was calculated.